Archive for the ‘Migration Middle East and Africa’ Category

A Morsel of Iran

Saturday, February 14th, 2009

The BBC World Service this month broke from their usually news and debate programs and showed an interesting documentary series on Iranian culture and flavour, in a four part series called The Taste of Iran. The host, Sadeq Saba goes through much of the country and explores the food which makes up a great part of Iranian culture. With each new reason for a meal, Saba also explores the history of the region of the country and festivals and traditions which come with each meal, tea and pastry. His adventure brings Saba from the top of mountains to cemeteries, from Mosques to Churches, and parks to tea houses across Iran.

In the most recent part of the series, Saba takes to Esfahan and explores many religious festivals surrounding different events and communities in the city. He discusses not only Shi’a festivals, but the history of Sunni and Armenian Christians in the city as well. The city, sharing a diverse past much like other Eastern cities such as Alexandria in Egypt in the 16th to 19th century and Damascus and Seville in the Medieval era, Esfahan was home to a mix of cultures and religions, which prospered under kingdoms of the past. Food of course, the focus of this programs was changed by this fact as well, but what stood out and what has become forgotten since after the First World War is that Eastern countries have had as much tolerance in the past as it is seen as having restrictions today. Addressing this past might help determine its future, not in Iran alone, but in the region as a whole.

While recent governments have moved more towards oil profits and agreements with Venezuela and North Korea as opposed to diplomacy with the West, the opening of culture and cooperation might help Iranian culture, and food, reach outside of the country and promote respected dialogue between the people in Iran and nations opposing the current government. Some important developments recently have taken place which might aid this progression. Firstly, former President Khatami had issued a statement that he will run again for the Presidency. While still part of the powerful elite in Iran, his pro-reform stance and support from a large youth community in Iran kept Iran on friendly terms for the years he was formerly leader of the government. Statements from many anti-Bush politicians also have taken place, offering some sense of a new dialogue with the US and Mr. Obama, likely a way to save face, but also a reality of unpopularity by many in Iran and other OPEC nations like Venezuela, and of course the cutting in half of oil prices worldwide. With so many negative relations due to past historical issues and threats of nuclear conflict surrounding the debate between the US, EU, Russia and Iran, a few positive developments in the region could not hurt. Culture, the root of pride for many Iranians can become a valued commodity outside Iran, and perhaps an export which is not produced by petrochemicals to boot.

If pride and culture is exported from Iran, and exchange of ideas and interest in the country will inevitably take shape. Much of the problems surrounding issues in the region is that whether speaking about Gaza or Israel, Iraq and Syria, or Lebanon and Iran, often the view from those in the EU and US are either limited, overly positive or overly negative, or completely enlaced in short term policy that may benefit elites in both regions, but do not take account of those communities in the Middle East that are is grave poverty, are oppressed minorities throughout the whole region, or oppose the common lingua franca of Middle Eastern policy by local governments, foreign diplomats and radical groups which produce current problems. With a new dialogue, comes the responsibility to protest in a just manner, progress in the golden age of Iranian culture would have never existed without this ability to encourage tolerance. With history, food, and politics, another Middle Eastern tradition is recognized, that of some discussion to ponder over dinner…

Iraqi-Americans Seek a Voice: Election America 2008

Saturday, September 20th, 2008

Yousif Shikwana, owner of the Lagrange Food Center, is a native of Iraq and an American citizen since 1983.Many in America do not realize that 89,000 of their neighbours living in their towns and cities were born in Iraq or have parents from that country. With so many US troops going to Iraq and serving in the conflict there, the immigrant communities living in the US have had surprisingly very little media attention. While having the middle name Hussein would not help anyone in becoming the next President, many who live in the US and have a vote in this election are Iraqi and have similar concerns and interested as many other Americans, immigrants or otherwise.

In an IPS article last month, some Iraqi-Americans were asked about their concerns for the US and their place of birth for the next election. With such a diversity of class, ethnicity, language and culture in Iraq and among Iraqi-Americans, the opinion on McCain and Obama tend to reflect those of their neighbors. One engineer when asked about her concerns, said for domestic policy she supports Obama, but also appreciates McCain's position as many of the concerns in the past about security in Iraq have been quelled as it seems a lot safer now than in the past. Much debate surrounds the timetable for leaving Iraq, seeing Obama as better for the economy perhaps, but supporting McCain for security reasons, stated one Iraqi-American journalist in Washington DC.

On of the major issue for new Americans in the Iraqi community are the 2 million refugees which have left Iraq since 2003. A recent older gentleman who had come as a refugee to the US claimed that McCain would likely get support as no one wants a withdrawal right now, but another Iraqi translator which just arrived in the US as well was concerned about the lack of compassion for the Republican immigration policies, which have been seen as soft for the most part on immigration from Mexico and Central America, but have done little to help the 2 million refugees from Iraq.

In the end, the image of the US internally for many new Americans and historically outside the US has always been one of a land of freedom and opportunity. With recent troubles and 8 years of disastrous policies internationally, and as seen this week in the US financial markets, internally as well, any change will be a change for the better, and whoever inherits the seat of the Presidency will likely spend the first four years putting the US back to normalcy as opposed to having the glory of being the US President whop must work with nothing to achieve simple stability. The economy and Iraq, possibly not in that order, will be the issues dominating the next Presidency, with a few months of unsolved immigration debate somewhere in the middle for Obama or McCain.

US Visas and Iraqi Refugees: Is it Enough?

Thursday, July 31st, 2008

In an IHT.com article published recently, the issue of visas being given to Iraqis by the US was discussed. US visas were finally being given by the US for Iraqis who worked with the US since 2003 in administering development after the beginning of the war. The argument by the writer was that due to all the assistance many of these individuals have given to the United States, it is finally justifiably reciprocated through the issuing of US visas for these US allies. While this is true, a large part of the story which is continually avoided was regarding the other two million Iraqis, many of Iraq's best and brightest taking refuge in Syria and Jordan, overwhelming societies in both nations without any movement by the US or Europeans to taken in many of these Iraqi refugees.

In past posting in the FPA Migration Blog, Rich Basas and Cathryn Cluver have made several postings on the issues regarding Iraqi refugees and the response by the international community. While meeting in international bodies have done much to address the existence of the issue, the result was to place further onus on countries like Syria and Jordan, who have gone beyond their humanistic responsibility in trying to accommodate and adapt many Iraqi refugees into their societies. This failure of the international community comes with actions taken in Iraq since 2003, lacking in any response or much media coverage on the displaced 2 million. Only when Iraqi government initiatives have sought to create some sort of incentive for its citizens to return has media responded to the issue, still lacking in urgency through much of the narrative however.

It is not the first time media and the international community has failed displaced people in the region. Many reports on the Israeli response to Darfuri refugees had criticized Israel, like Jordan and Syria with Iraq's refugees, for not allowing more African migrants to settle in Israel. While the Israeli government did settle many people and continued to take in Sudanese refugees and place them under protection, many of Sudan's neighbors have killed Darfuri refugees with no response towards the shooting of dozens of Darfuri refugees at the Egyptian-Israel border by Egyptian border security by media or the EU and US. Placing the onus of large international refugee problems on smaller nations, while taking no effective response themselves lead many to believe that the international community will allow another Rwanda with little effective response. While this point of view is the source of much debate, the effect of not responding to Darfur, or having the US in Iraq is that many Western powers may not legally allow an Iraqi to claim refugee status as the US already is present in that nation, which is considered as protecting Iraqi people inside Iraq itself. Iraq cannot prosper and Darfur will become a symbol of poor international leadership unless effective policies are created in the region. While the ICC and Den Haag can ask for extraditions of Karazdic and Sudan's leaders, law without enforcement becomes another failure in global justice.

Latin American Leaders Speak on EU Immigration Policy

Sunday, July 13th, 2008

 This blog is also posted in the FPA Latin America Blog.

The European Union and Latin America have always had amicable ties, via trade, culture and administrative and legal traditions. Immigration from Latin America to the EU has often been able to avoid the conflict and debate that are common in the United States, where millions of immigrants from Latin America are more of a campaign issue than a sociological blessing. The European Union may have angered some of their Latin American friends however, with the new EU Immigration Policy creating a collective grumble throughout immigrant communities in Europe and among Latin American leaders themselves.

It is not common to have so many Latin American leaders, often with varying political stripes, to have complete agreement on an issue or a set of issues. Ironically, the past two weeks have produced not only new relations between Hugo Chavez and Alvaro Uribe, but produced a collective grumble by all leaders during the Mercosur regional summit and other policy discussions against the new EU Immigration measures. It is not secret that Spain and the EU have become the new destination for many legal and some illegal immigration from Latin America. The new EU policy seeks to detain possible illegal immigrants for a period of up to 18 months before deporting them, leading many Latin American leaders to perceive the EU as placing issues of immigration on the immigrants themselves, allowing policymakers to avoid the responsibility in dealing with immigration in the EU on a proper legal and equitable level. This led Latin American leaders to sign a joint declaration against the new EU immigration policies during Mercosur summit. In addition, some leaders threatened restrictions of Venezuelan oil, and possible restrictions of grain and other agricultural products leaving the rich fields on Brazil, Argentina and other countries that have been hit by the recent food crisis. While Latin America is not the only region to be angered by the new EU policy, it is one of the regions that are considering a collective reaction against Europe on behalf of the hundreds of thousands living there illegally which originate from Latin America.

The question that remains is whether the new EU policies are a just approach in dealing with illegal immigration or whether they warrant a strong reaction from Latin America and other countries around the globe? While the 27 member EU nations did pass the new Immigration Policy to be implemented in 2010, many have varied time restrictions regarding detentions of illegal immigrants. In reality, the EU policy is not only addressing illegal immigration coming from Latin America, but is greatly focused on the 51,000 illegal boat people coming into Spain, Italy, Greece and Malta that arrived in 2007 alone. Many of these illegal migrants end up drowning on their voyage to Europe, presenting the EU with a diverse humanitarian problem in dealing with illegal immigration. The new policy awards voluntary deportations, but also penalizes migrants who attempt to frustrate officials in dealing with their deportations as well. Families and children also have some rights extended, but as a whole the new policies are a lot stricter than previous laws protecting the EU from illegal migration.

After the EU Policy is implemented in the long run, the true effectiveness of the EU Immigration Policy will show its true colours. Protests from Latin America will likely not lead into true economic sanctions however, unless there are massive abuses against their citizens in the EU. In the end, many still will enter the EU illegally, and this is unlikely to change. The effectiveness of the new policy will come when people are actually caught and deported, which is still the fate of the minority of illegal immigrants in most countries in the world. Morality and immigration policy is still to be debated in Latin America and the EU, but it is certain that a solution to these issues is far from an absolute success in immigration policy in any region of the world.

For Video on the Mercosur Summit and Latin American leaders and EU Immigration, click here.

Baha’i Community in Crisis: The Media and Minorities in Iran

Wednesday, June 18th, 2008

Over the last few years there has been a great deal of media coverage involving Iran, but the only issues being discussed often follow stories about nuclear deterrence or support for terrorism outside of the country. Like many stories coming out of the Middle East, the issues surrounding the people of the region is often overshadowed for more sensationalized stories which turn the region into more of a weekly soap opera than a serious discussion of human rights and foreign policy. With a lack of proper media coverage and a misunderstanding of the region, the attention given may do more to hurt the people living there than helping them.

As discussed in the April blogpost "Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries: Forgotten or Never Acknowledged?" Minority groups in the region are often not acknowledged in the dialogue surrounding the Middle East. The result of this, as mentioned in the previous article, is that many of the communities like the Jewish ones from Arab and Persian lands, have been mostly dismantled after thousands of prosperous years and relegated to history books. Only in the last 10 years has the existence and legitimacy of those small communities been acknowledged, far too late for media coverage or policy to change the outcome of past persecution.

In the modern world, the lack of media coverage of a community under stress in the Middle East could possibly result in a similar outcome of persecution. One example of a community that mirrors those of the past is that of the Baha'i community of Iran. With little media coverage and knowledge of the Baha'i in Iran by the international community, Persian Baha'i struggle to become part of the narrative of the discussion of the region, often struggling to maintain themselves in silence.

All seven Baha'o who have been arrested, six of them in early-morning raids on 14 May 2008. Seated from left, Behrouz Tavakkoli and Saeid Rezaie, and, standing, Fariba Kamalabadi, Vahid Tizfahm, Jamaloddin Khanjani, Afif Naeimi, and Mahvash Sabet.The reality of the Baha'i is that since the creation of the faith, there has been a lack of equality and rights for the community in Iran over its existence. While being the largest religious minority in Iran, numbering 350,000 followers, they were often considered as apostates of the state religion and subject to discrimination and persecution by the local government. In most cases, media coverage of the community has come only briefly after a tragedy, allowing for continuous and persistent threats to become the mainstay of being part of the Baha'i community in Iran. Government persecution of this religious minority often is recycled over history via Apostate laws, accusations of anti-state activities and associations with foreign elements, and continuous monitoring of community and community leaders leading to unpublicized tragedies in many forms. One clear example of this repeat of history was the open discrimination in the early 80's after the Iranian Revolution. In 1980-81 the arrest and the execution of the leaders of the Baha'i religious and community leaders took place. The council, named the National Spiritual Assembly, were collected and imprisoned and eventually murdered by the government. This trend continued against members of the community and any other "political" dissidents in Iran since that time. Since then, little coverage of this issue has taken place in Western and Eastern media.

With the US election dialogue from the last two years sparingly debating Iran's nuclear policy, there has been little attention given to any of the people of Iran by political leaders or the mainstream media. In some smaller media however, there were concerns raised about state sponsored media in Iran promoting the monitoring and suppression of minorities in the country in which they live. In 2006, Former Canadian General Romeo Dallaire, who commanded UN forces in Rwanda issued a statement from his office warning of possible implications of state sponsored repression of the Baha'i in Iran. He stated in a September 26th 2006 news release that:

 "My experience in Rwanda and with other conflicts tells me that the world had better pay close attention whenever a country's media begin to spread hate propaganda against one particular group,"

Dallaire was right to raise concerns, as many of the Baha'i have not only been monitored by the government in the last few years with increased intensity, but national media and official policy have set to place the community in a negative light. The end result was a partial repeat of 1980-81, when a member of the Baha'i National Spiritual Assembly was arrested in March 2008, followed by 6 more members being arrested at the end of May 2008. They are currently being held in prison in Iran.

While the arrests have taken place and human rights in Iran continue to degrade further, there have been some responses by world leaders on behalf of the 7 arrested Baha'i leaders. The US State Department as well as the Presidency of the EU have condemned the actions. As well, human rights groups have issued their condemnations, with some coverage from CNN and mainstream media mentioning the issue at the end of May as well. Despite these small efforts, there has been no real pressure on Iran or its leaders to release the Baha'i leaders from their arbitrary sentences. Despite having false accusations placed against them, even as far as accusing them of working with Israeli Zionists, there has been no concrete display of action or noticeable protests over the issue by anyone who could influence the Iranian government.

Democracy and media, while never in perfect balance, cannot live as separate entities. Freedom of Speech, and the responsible use of media to effect this human right is the only freedom that allows for other rights to be achieved and to be maintained. Without Freedom of Speech, we can see that Freedom of Religion and Political Assembly cannot exist on their own, and can be easily extinguished when debate is repressed or ignored. In the example of Iran, media misplaced, or not effectively used can do as much harm to a society as it can help it, promoting or repressing liberty and equality. Democracy, as discussed by Guillermo O'Donnell is not simply voting, but is a combination of institutions and rights, including media to be free of state control, and in a free society, openly discuss persecution of minorities in addition to nuclear policy and international relations. It is not only a right, but a duty to address these arrests for not only one community in Iran, but for society as a whole.

The Beginning of the End of Migration to South Africa

Friday, May 23rd, 2008

 

South Africa has never been a place where ethnicity and violence did not tie itself into politics and protests. A third explosive dimension to the local ethnic tensions has developed in South Africa in the last 12 days, where immigrants from Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Somalia and other African nations were attacked by local South Africans east of Johannesburg. Now spreading towards Cape Town and other South African cities, more than 10,000 migrants who came to Africa's most prosperous nation for employment are being targeted for taking away local jobs and preventing local South Africans from obtaining work in their own country.

Much of the tensions arose from area of South Africa where lower income residents and those areas that were neglected during the apartheid are located outside of South Africa's largest cities. Many of those communities have had a difficult time reintegrating into the South African economy and are often linked to specific ethnic groups residing in the country. Many of the migrants were found due to their accent and their intermediate knowledge of the Zulu language, according to IHT.com's article Mob Violence Achieves its Aim in South Africa. While more than 10,000 migrants plan to escape the mob violence in the country, to date 42 migrants have been killed and more than 6,000 have been displaced in Johannesburg alone, with a further 25,000 leaving their homes.

Suspicions of the cause of the tensions have placed accusations on local political leaders and organizations, but the response from South Africa's government has been to send in the police and anti-riot forces to quell the violence. The reputation of South Africa is at stake and as the Foreign Minister commented, it gives the country a "Very Bad Image", to say the least. As violence continues, many will think twice before taking residence in Africa's most prosperous nation.

Immigration and Integration in the Middle East: A Mezze Plate of Problems

Sunday, May 18th, 2008

The Mezze plate, if unknown to readers is a mix of different appetizers of various Middle Eastern foods, often combined together in a mix of powerful flavours and textures. Food in the region is often like its people, a combination of tastes that while creating a wonderful mix of culture and language also can create indigestion in some cases. The following is a mix of issues that have charged the region and its people abroad in the last week, often celebrating victory in conflict and enraging further problems.

-Israel at 60: Last week was the 60th anniversary of Israel's independence as a sovereign nation. At the same time, for many Palestinians it was the remembrance of the Naquba, or ”Catastrophe” of the migration of many from their original homes and towns upon the creation of the new state of Israel. Festivities took place in Israel and among Israelis and Jewish communities all around the world. In 1948, the State of Israel was created as a home for the Jewish people after the mass genocide of the European Jewish community and pogroms of Eastern Jews bringing many into the newly formed nation. While 1.5 million Israeli-Arabs live inside Israel and are a part of Israel society with full legal rights, legal challenges for increased rights for Israel's Arab minority, Palestinians and even some Jewish people with Eastern roots push the system to promote a better equality among the multicultural Jewish State. Separate from the systemic stresses faced in the Israeli context, the West Bank and Gaza Strip are embroiled in a Hot Peace between Fatah and Hamas who periodically debate and often fight for power and control of a future state of Palestine. While some movements for peace between Israel and Fatah in the West Bank have started to produce results, rocket attacks coming in from Gaza leaves little chance for change despite the best and very last minute efforts of Carter or Bush. Unknown to most outside Israel, the conflict in 2006 did not produce the release of Gilad Shalit who was kidnapped by Hamas at the time. The continued attacks and retaliations, blockades, increased poverty and the maintained hostage taking of Shalit will not help produce any peace in Israel anytime soon and will give more support for creating more walls between the various people in the region.

-Muslim Immigrants to Europe: In a Foreign Policy Association Religion and Politics blog post by one of our charming and intelligent bloggers, Karin Esposito, the integration of Muslims into European society is discussed on her posting: Integrating Immigrant Communities. Karin points out in refer to author Olivier Roy, that after 9/11, the French immigrant riots and the killing of Dutch filmmaker Theo Van Gogh there is a feeling that assimilation and multiculturalism was a failure in the European context. In reference to a HRW report in Immigration in the Netherlands, she points out that tests sent to the home countries of many immigrants may act as indirect discrimination, targeting specific immigrant groups even before they come into the country as detailed in the report. The challenge is far from being resolved, as a new way to view integration will likely have to be created to promote any dialogue between communities, preferably without the use of Cartoons.

-Beirut the next Baghdad?: In a May 18th New York Times article and among media worldwide, the issue of sectarian violence taking charge over the fragile democracy that exists in Lebanon is becoming a great concern to the region. After Hizbollah attacks against Sunni citizens, media and political parties put the Lebanese government and the often targeted and assassinated Hariri family into the spotlight again, Lebanon may be approaching a large conflict between its Shi'a and Sunni communities. Like in Iraq, indiscriminant violence by one community over the other has lead to the declaration of blood feuds among Lebanon's communities. In the Middle East the extremity of violence often intentionally created humiliation and dishonour to many proud groups and cultures which can only be met by delicate diplomacy or outright revenge and conflict. While the international community often focused its attention on the Israel-Lebanon conflict in 2006, attention and understanding of the divisions now taking place needs to have the attention it deserves to avoid an all out civil war in Lebanon.

Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries: Forgotten or Never Acknowledged?

Thursday, April 24th, 2008

Since the early 1900s, hundreds of thousands of refugees in countries throughout the Middle East left or were forced to leave without a Pound or a Franc from lands where they had lived in since biblical times. What is often not addressed in English language media or worldwide as a whole, is that many of these people were Jewish communities which were slowly destroyed for political, cultural and religious reasons in the 20th century. Many of these communities eventually inherited the fate of the Jewish Community in Spain during the Spanish Inquisition, leaving towns and villages where their cultures and communities thrived for generations for new destinations abroad, slowly losing their heritage and homes to satisfy the desires of the political majority. While not all countries in the Middle East treated their Jewish communities with severe contempt and some communities were given some equality in their respective societies, the majority of Jewish people who had lived for thousands of years in the Middle East were forced to leave for Europe, the Americas the new state of Israel and even Asia.

Many Jewish people from Arab lands settled in France where Algerian, Tunisian and Moroccan Jews could speak French and integrate into society. Jewish people from Iraq and other former British colonies settled in London and the United States, even making it as far as China and Singapore. Many settled in Latin America as well, with Syrian, Lebanese and Iraqi Jews creating communities in Brazil and Argentina and many Turkish and Syrian Jews settling in Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela and even Cuba. In one community in Havana alone, an entire village with all their religious texts and chattels from their original town in Turkey were transplanted into Cuba in the early 1900s. They moved to live in the US Protectorate at the time of Cuba, which spoke Spanish, similar to the dialect of Ladino they inherited from their ancestors who escaped from Spain to live in Turkey, Italy, France and Greece. In 1948, half of Israel's population alone was made of Jewish people who came from Arab, Persian, Central Asian and Turkish lands. These refugees were often forced to leave their birthplace and all their funds and land built up upon generations in order to arrive poor and homeless in Israel and abroad. While these people often had a difficult time in their birth countries and in Israel upon arrival, their situation has only been given some slight attention in the last 10 years. Almost none of their original communities exist today; making Jewish culture from Arab lands some of the oldest decimated cultures to have been lost to the world in the last 100 years.

Some slight progress has been made in addressing the issue of Jews from Arab and other Middle Eastern lands. On April 1st 2008, the U.S. Congress passed House Resolution 185, which grants first-time-ever recognition to Jewish refugees from Arab countries. For the first time those hundreds of thousands of refugees and emigrants who lost their homes and were turned into poverty were recognised 60 years later as being not simply a forgotten people. US Rep. Ros-Lehtinen made a statement saying:

“Far fewer people are aware of the injustice faced by Jewish refugees from Arab lands and Iran. Many Jews saw their communities, which had existed vibrantly for centuries systematically dismantled. They lost their resources, their homes, and their heritage sites, fleeing in the face of persecution, pogroms, revolutions and brutal dictatorships.”

With many smaller cultures in the Middle East facing persecution in the last 50 to 100 years, the first steps to addressing refugees beyond those well known refugee groups are beginning to take place. Beyond those Jews from Arab lands, other groups such as Zoroastrians, Armenians, Kurdish, Bah'ai, Assyrians, Christians, recent Iraqis and various other oppressed groups and political refugees need to be acknowledged. After 60 years of unknown suffering, this small group of people are finally able to reconcile their history and future as a recognized people and culture in the world community.

Spain and the Beloved Brazilian Diaspora

Wednesday, March 26th, 2008

*This post has also been cross-posted in the FPA's Latin America Blog.

Two countries have stood out in their respective regions as economically progressive policy successes in the last ten years. In Europe, Spain along with Ireland have seen much of the positive development and economic growth when the rest of the EU has been wrestling with high unemployment rates and drastic changes in governments. In Latin America, Brazil under Lula and under the former Cardoso Administration have grown at a steady positive rate, breaking the traditional Latin American plague of economic collapses and large booms that seem to be commonplace in almost all South American economies to date. With success, the importance of Spain and Brazil have taken on a new form in their regions and abroad. Traditionally the place of the United States, these emerging regional powers now seem to be inheriting some of America's traditional problems.

Brazil has always been a country of immigration. The population of Brazil, while taking in only some immigrants from Asia, Africa and Europe in the last few years, was one of the countries that absorbed much of the world's immigration since the 1880s. This open policy remained, and while economic problems and changes from populist, to military, to democratic governments took shape since the 1930s, immigration remained strong as long as there were jobs to be done in one of the world's largest countries. With traditional economic instability and some recent success, many Brazilians have chosen to go abroad to either find more work or utilize their assets to enjoy life abroad. In Spain, this emigration from Brazil has taken a foothold with both emigrants coming and living illegally for work or working in legal low paying jobs, as well as those upper middle class Brazilians coming to make a life and career in Spain as professionals and entrepreneurs.

While the general impression of Brazilians in Spain is a positive one, there have been some problems against immigrants at the main Spanish airports and in society as a whole. Many immigrants, including many Brazilians often enter Spain and stay illegally. This has been a problem one many fronts, as many Latin Americans, Africans and other Europeans do not go through the normal procedures to live and work in Spain but come as temporary workers or as refugees or simply pass through the border and disappear. With Spain having some economic expansion and the closing off of the US to many immigrants, the Spanish immigration system has become overwhelmed. Since 2006, the number of Brazilians coming into Spain has nearly "tripled or quadrupled", while at the same time in Spain eight Brazilians a day are deported.

The solution to the Brazil-Spain situation needs to be addressed by both countries. Brazil needs to reform its immigration to fit with its position as an emerging power in the world. With 3-4 millions Brazilians living abroad, Lula will have the responsibility to create and international Brazil without losing all of the most talented to other countries and still maintain funds coming from those emigrants abroad. Spain will also have to accept Brazilians and the diversity of the Brazilian social strata now living throughout the Iberian Peninsula. It will take a long time to adapt the infrastructure to treat foreigners in a respectful fashion, but attempts need to begin immediately. Brazilians and others will be challenged living in Spain in becoming Spanish. While it might be easier from some, it is doubtful that those migrants to Spain who are not seen in a positive light will be so easily welcomed in the near future.

Ireland's New Migrants: Multicultural Wishes for St. Patrick's Day

Wednesday, February 27th, 2008

A legal dilemma often presents itself to officials who come into the presence of families who are both a mix of legal and illegal family members living in the same country. We encountered this a few times in our own legal consulting to refugees who came into contact with us in Canada. The International Herald Tribune decided this past week to discuss the issue regarding Ireland, focusing on a young Irish lad, George-Jordan Dimbo who was born in Ireland and became a citizen due to his place of birth, but is a son of illegal migrants from Nigeria. George-Jordan only ever knew an Irish life, but may "return" to Nigeria for the first time.

Ireland has always been seen as a country which has traditionally emigrated many of its citizenry, but in the last few years Ireland has become one of the most innovative an successful economies in the EU. As a result immigration has boomed, with an estimated 11% of the Irish populations being immigrants and masses of other EU and non-EU individuals going there to work, learn English and make a life on the Emerald Isle.

How does a new Ireland of immigrants handle these new dilemmas? In the event where such families exist in the Canadian system as the Dimbo family do in Ireland, the government must consider the best interests of the child. While the people born in Canada or Ireland a few years ago were considered automatic citizens, it did not mean that the child would stay in the country. If there were no chance of harm to the child they would return to their parent's country of origin with their main caregiver, but have the right to return an Irish or Canadian citizen when they wish or stay with legal citizens in Canada or Ireland. The parents however would be permanently removed from the country without much recourse, and to stop the whole family being deported it must be proven that the rights of the new citizen and a move would harm the social and emotional development of the child, something which is not commonly done in the Canadian system and may not have precedent in Ireland.

So for the next St.Patrick's Day, celebrated all around the world it would be proper to ponder the fact that the world has come to Ireland to celebrate many other festivals in the streets of Dublin. Some of these people will get to stay, and others will go but time and precedents in Irish society and courts may produce a more equal solution than how the Irish were treated as immigrants a long time ago. Over time Ireland may develop policies out of an Emigrant Nation in contrast to how the rest of the EU is turning to reverse many past open policies towards immigration. Until then, Cheers..